Rubyquartz盧柏2024年展望:定位,導(dǎo)航和計(jì)時(shí)

人工智能、邊緣計(jì)算和低軌衛(wèi)星的進(jìn)步正在塑造2024年的定位、導(dǎo)航和計(jì)時(shí)機(jī)會(huì)。

Abracon新的AOTA系列微型模制電感器

微型模制電感器:緊湊設(shè)計(jì)中的出色性能，緊湊型高功率電感器

隨著行業(yè)的不斷發(fā)展和技術(shù)進(jìn)步，對(duì)更小封裝尺寸元件的需求前所未有。
傳統(tǒng)上，設(shè)計(jì)師和工程師在為他們的項(xiàng)目選擇電子元件時(shí)面臨著優(yōu)先考慮性能或尺寸的困境。隨著行業(yè)的不斷發(fā)展和技術(shù)進(jìn)步，對(duì)更小封裝尺寸元件的需求前所未有。針對(duì)這一需求，在不影響性能的前提下，我們很高興為我們的電力和磁性產(chǎn)品組合推出一款新品:AOTA微型模制電感器系列。

Pletronics新TCXO系列

TCXO的崛起標(biāo)志著精密電子領(lǐng)域的一個(gè)重要里程碑。憑借其提供更小封裝的能力、在寬溫度范圍內(nèi)的卓越頻率穩(wěn)定性和卓越的相位噪聲性能，TCXO貼片晶振正在重新定義準(zhǔn)確性和可靠性的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。隨著行業(yè)不斷突破創(chuàng)新的邊界，TCXO證明了人類(lèi)的獨(dú)創(chuàng)性，提升了依賴完美時(shí)序和信號(hào)同步的設(shè)備和系統(tǒng)的潛力。

Abracon航空航天和國(guó)防產(chǎn)品詳情
Abracon是一家值得信賴的領(lǐng)先和創(chuàng)新電子元件供應(yīng)商，包括頻率控制、定時(shí)、電源、磁性、射頻和天線解決方案。

Abracon是許多航空航天和國(guó)防領(lǐng)域使用的零部件的全球供應(yīng)商。隨著在空中、海上、陸地、太空以及個(gè)人設(shè)備中的部署，該行業(yè)要求最高的性能和系統(tǒng)可靠性。
設(shè)計(jì)需要對(duì)突然的溫度變化、振動(dòng)、灰塵和濕度具有魯棒性。同時(shí)，最高的技術(shù)性能對(duì)于滿足軍事和航空標(biāo)準(zhǔn)至關(guān)重要。應(yīng)用包括雷達(dá)系統(tǒng)、無(wú)線電通信、電子戰(zhàn)系統(tǒng)、定位和制導(dǎo)以及監(jiān)視和成像。
NEL頻率控制公司業(yè)界領(lǐng)先的超低相位噪聲OCXO和TCXO晶振精密頻率控制解決方案經(jīng)過(guò)優(yōu)化，采用不受ITAR限制、符合RoHS標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、符合MIL-Spec和COTS(商用現(xiàn)貨)的解決方案，以最小的封裝尺寸實(shí)現(xiàn)最高的性能。

彼得曼32.768K有源晶振的優(yōu)勢(shì)，Time requirements in modern metering applications have massively increased in the last few years. The usual requirement in modern metering applications is a time offset of 1 hour after 7 years. It should also be possible for the operating temperature range of the application to comply with this value. 1 hour max. after 7 years corresponds to a frequency tolerance of ±16 ppm absolute at 32,768 kHz. It is no longer possible for conventional 32,768 kHz oscillating crystals to meet these requirements.

On the one hand, this is because 32,768 kHz are only available with a frequency tolerance of ±10ppm at +25°C, on the other hand, the temperature stability over a temperature range of -40/+85°C is more then -180 ppm. Moreover, ageing of approx. ±30 ppm after 10 years must be taken into account when calculating accuracy. In the worst case, a 32,768 kHz crystal has a maximum frequency stability of +40/-220 ppm (including adjustment at +25°C, temperature stability and ageing after 10 years). External circuit capacitance must be able to compensate any systematic frequency offset caused by the internal capacitance of the oscillator stage of the IC to be synchronised and by stray capacitance. The selection of a layout without external circuit capacitance for the 32,768 crystal involves a great risk because the accuracy of the 32,768 crystal can neither be corrected nor adjusted to suddenly changing PCB conditions during series production. Initially, the intersection angle for the 32,768 crystal was designed for optimal accuracy in wristwatches, and not for most of the applications for which it is used nowadays.

In order to meet the highly accurate time requirements, we as a clocking specialist offer the series ULPPO ultra low power 32,768 kHz oscillator. This oscillator can be operated with each voltage within a VDD range of 1.5 to 3.63 VDC. The specified current consumption is 0.99 µA. The temperature stability of ULPPOs is ±5 ppm over a temperature range of -40/+85°C. Frequency stability (delivery accuracy plus temperature stability) is ±10 ppm, and ageing after 20 years is ±2 ppm. Thus the maximum overall stability of ULPPOs is ±12 ppm including the ageing after 10 years. These are industry best parameters.

No external circuit capacitance is required for the circuiting of the ultra small housing (housing area: 1.2 mm2). The input stage of the IC installed in the ULPPO independently filters the supply voltage. Compared to crystals, ULPPOs save a lot of space on the printed circuit board so that the packing density can be increased, and smaller printed circuit boards can be designed. The adjustment of the amplitude further reduces the power consumption of the ULPPO.

For space calculations, both external circuit capacitances for a crystal on the printed circuit board must also be taken into account. With its two external circuit capacitances, even the smallest 32,768 kHz crystal requires more space on the PCB than ULPPOs do.

Moreover, very small 32,768 kHz crystals have very high resistances which usually cannot be safely overcome by the oscillator stages to be synchronised because the oscillator stages of the ICs or RTCs to be synchronised have very high tolerances as well. Therefore, sudden response time problems in the field might occur which can be ruled out with ULPPOs. Thus, the safe operation of the application is possible with ULPPOs under all circumstances.

Oscillator stages consume a lot of energy to keep a 32,768 crystal oscillating. Usually, the input stage of the MCU can be directly circuited with the LVCMOS signal of the ULPPO (usually Xin). Thus the input stage of the MCU can be deactivated (bypass function) so that the energy saved can be used for the calculation of the system power consumption of the meter. Moreover, ULPPOs are able to synchronise several ICs at a time. Due to the very high accuracy of the ULPPO, less time synchronisations are required, which also saves system power.

Of course, ULPPOs can be used in any applications which require miniaturised ultra low power 32,768 kHz oscillators such as smartphones, tablets, GPS, fitness watches, health and wellness applications, wireless keyboards, timing systems, timing applications, wearables, IoT, home automation, etc. Due to the high degree of accuracy of 32,768 kHz oscillators, the standby time or even the hypernation time in hypernation technology applications can be significantly increased so that a high amount of system power can be saved due to the significantly lower battery-intensive synchronisation cycles. Thus the 32,768 kHz oscillator is the better choice compared to 32,768 kHz crystals. Ultra low power 32,768 kHz oscillators are available with diverse accuracy variations – see also the ULPO-RB1 and -RB2 series.

不斷精進(jìn)自我的優(yōu)質(zhì)制造商彼得曼公司，致力于開(kāi)發(fā)大量高質(zhì)量的產(chǎn)品，隨著近幾年來(lái)，現(xiàn)代計(jì)量應(yīng)用的時(shí)間要求大幅提高?，F(xiàn)代計(jì)量應(yīng)用的通常要求是7年后時(shí)間偏移1小時(shí)。應(yīng)用的工作溫度范圍也應(yīng)符合該值。最多1小時(shí)。7年后對(duì)應(yīng)于32，768kHz下16ppm絕對(duì)值的頻率容差。傳統(tǒng)的32，768 kHz振蕩晶體不再可能滿足這些要求。彼得曼32.768K有源晶振的優(yōu)勢(shì).

一方面，這是因?yàn)?2，768kHz僅在+25°C時(shí)具有10ppm的頻率容差，另一方面，在-40/+85°C溫度范圍內(nèi)的溫度穩(wěn)定性高于-180ppm。此外，老化約。計(jì)算精度時(shí)，必須考慮10年后的30ppm。最差情況下，32.768K有源晶振的最大頻率穩(wěn)定性為+40/-220 ppm(包括+25°C時(shí)的調(diào)整、溫度穩(wěn)定性和10年后的老化)。外部電路電容必須能夠補(bǔ)償由要同步的ic振蕩器級(jí)的內(nèi)部電容和雜散電容引起的任何系統(tǒng)頻率偏移。為32，768晶振選擇無(wú)外部電路電容的布局包含很大的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，因?yàn)樵谂可a(chǎn)期間，32，768晶振的精度既不能校正也不能調(diào)整以適應(yīng)突然變化的PCB條件。最初，32，768英寸晶體的交叉角度是為手表的最佳精度而設(shè)計(jì)的，而不是為如今使用它的大多數(shù)應(yīng)用而設(shè)計(jì)的。

格耶品牌SMD晶振如何構(gòu)建振蕩電路?成立至1964年的格耶電子，憑借著自身的努力，一直是頻率產(chǎn)品的領(lǐng)先制造商之一，壓電石英晶體, 振蕩器和陶瓷諧振器.我們從我們的德國(guó)總部以及歐洲、亞洲和美國(guó)的其他地方。我們非常重視與客戶的密切合作從開(kāi)發(fā)階段開(kāi)始。這確保了我們從一開(kāi)始就提供您所需要的東西。

我們將在整個(gè)項(xiàng)目中為您提供專(zhuān)業(yè)的設(shè)計(jì)支持。我們的全球服務(wù)包括個(gè)人咨詢和保證電路的驗(yàn)證交付您從我們這里購(gòu)買(mǎi)的組件。
我們的優(yōu)勢(shì)之一是在項(xiàng)目的整個(gè)生命周期中包括開(kāi)發(fā)階段已經(jīng)提供的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和技術(shù)。

另一個(gè)優(yōu)勢(shì)是通過(guò)我們的支持15年以上的長(zhǎng)期項(xiàng)目長(zhǎng)期交貨保證和生命周期管理.

例如，我們?nèi)匀粡囊婚_(kāi)始就提供SMD晶振，如GEYER KX-C系列，從1992年的一個(gè)項(xiàng)目開(kāi)始就提供。

我們希望詳細(xì)了解您的需求，并與您一起完成開(kāi)發(fā)過(guò)程。在GEYER Electronic，我們位于慕尼黑附近Planegg的設(shè)計(jì)和測(cè)試中心擁有一支經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的高性能團(tuán)隊(duì)。

利用我們近60年的石英技術(shù)知識(shí)。

通過(guò)無(wú)源晶體和分立元件構(gòu)建自己的振蕩電路對(duì)于更大的數(shù)量或如果IC不使用內(nèi)部振蕩器?？梢赃x擇Pierce或Colpitts振蕩器。此外，還可以創(chuàng)建振蕩器通過(guò)反相器電路的適當(dāng)反饋（圖2）。

大多數(shù)微控制器已經(jīng)包含了時(shí)鐘電路的基本組件。為了完成電路對(duì)于Pierce或Colpitts振蕩器類(lèi)型，只需要一個(gè)晶體和其他外部無(wú)源元件。應(yīng)用微控制器的手冊(cè)描述了必要的細(xì)節(jié)。為了最大限度地減少任何寄生效應(yīng)，所有連接從微控制器到晶體電路應(yīng)保持盡可能短。
在40MHz及以上的頻率下，使用泛音晶體。這些泛音晶體需要一個(gè)特殊的過(guò)濾器電路，以便抑制基本模式。濾波電路由電容器和電感組成。如果過(guò)濾器省略，電路以其基本模式振蕩（例如：預(yù)期48MHz的第三泛音晶體，電路以16MHz振蕩）。帶有泛音晶體的振蕩器電路應(yīng)該非常謹(jǐn)慎地進(jìn)行尺寸和測(cè)試。
如果微控制器配備皮爾斯振蕩器配置，晶體將連接到兩個(gè)電容器，如如圖所示。3（C1和C2）。對(duì)于4MHz以上的頻率，不需要額外的串聯(lián)電阻器，因?yàn)檫m當(dāng)?shù)拇?lián)電阻器通常將被包括在微控制器的逆變器級(jí)內(nèi)。此外，高歐姆電阻器集成在微控制器內(nèi)，以調(diào)整直流工作電壓（圖3中為1MΩ）。CS1和CS2包括輸入以及微控制器的輸出電容以及由PCB上的導(dǎo)電路徑貢獻(xiàn)的其他電容。通過(guò)外部電容器C1使整個(gè)電路電容適合于晶體CL的指定負(fù)載電容和C2：

示例：提供CL=16pF。假設(shè)CS1＝CS2＝12pF，外部電容器可以被評(píng)估為C1＝15pF和C2＝27pF。應(yīng)考慮這些作為后續(xù)優(yōu)化的初始值。C1小于C2，以便提高電路的啟動(dòng)性能。
如果頻率與晶體的實(shí)際諧振頻率匹配，則晶體電路處于最佳狀態(tài)。實(shí)際晶體在其指定負(fù)載電容下的諧振頻率可以在其測(cè)試記錄中找到。
應(yīng)在沒(méi)有來(lái)自探頭的任何反饋的情況下測(cè)量頻率。這通?？梢酝ㄟ^(guò)測(cè)量在微控制器的另一個(gè)端口處的頻率。如果石英晶振晶體被電容器過(guò)載，則頻率較小比要求的要大（否則會(huì)更大）。
如上所述，具有皮爾斯振蕩器配置的微控制器可能需要外部串聯(lián)電阻器對(duì)于低于4MHz的頻率。串聯(lián)電阻器RV將有助于抑制不必要的泛音，并調(diào)整內(nèi)部振蕩器到外部pi電路，該電路由C1、C2和晶體組成。串聯(lián)電阻器RV可評(píng)估為如下：RV與電容器C2串聯(lián)，因此起到低通濾波器的作用（圖2）。C2的值應(yīng)為假如通過(guò)選擇RV，截止頻率fT應(yīng)在基頻和第三泛音之間（方程式2和3）。格耶品牌SMD晶振如何構(gòu)建振蕩電路?