KDS關(guān)于振蕩電路的討論方法

石英振子是無源部件，無源晶振，因此會受到電源電壓、環(huán)境溫度、電路結(jié)構(gòu)、電路常數(shù)、基板的布線圖案等的影響。 大致分為正常動作和異常動作兩種。 因此，設(shè)計振蕩電路時，前提條件是使石英振子穩(wěn)定且可靠地振蕩。 確認后，將討論頻率精度、頻率的可變量、調(diào)制度、振蕩開始時間、振蕩波形等以下項目。

彼得曼32.768K有源晶振的優(yōu)勢，Time requirements in modern metering applications have massively increased in the last few years. The usual requirement in modern metering applications is a time offset of 1 hour after 7 years. It should also be possible for the operating temperature range of the application to comply with this value. 1 hour max. after 7 years corresponds to a frequency tolerance of ±16 ppm absolute at 32,768 kHz. It is no longer possible for conventional 32,768 kHz oscillating crystals to meet these requirements.

On the one hand, this is because 32,768 kHz are only available with a frequency tolerance of ±10ppm at +25°C, on the other hand, the temperature stability over a temperature range of -40/+85°C is more then -180 ppm. Moreover, ageing of approx. ±30 ppm after 10 years must be taken into account when calculating accuracy. In the worst case, a 32,768 kHz crystal has a maximum frequency stability of +40/-220 ppm (including adjustment at +25°C, temperature stability and ageing after 10 years). External circuit capacitance must be able to compensate any systematic frequency offset caused by the internal capacitance of the oscillator stage of the IC to be synchronised and by stray capacitance. The selection of a layout without external circuit capacitance for the 32,768 crystal involves a great risk because the accuracy of the 32,768 crystal can neither be corrected nor adjusted to suddenly changing PCB conditions during series production. Initially, the intersection angle for the 32,768 crystal was designed for optimal accuracy in wristwatches, and not for most of the applications for which it is used nowadays.

In order to meet the highly accurate time requirements, we as a clocking specialist offer the series ULPPO ultra low power 32,768 kHz oscillator. This oscillator can be operated with each voltage within a VDD range of 1.5 to 3.63 VDC. The specified current consumption is 0.99 µA. The temperature stability of ULPPOs is ±5 ppm over a temperature range of -40/+85°C. Frequency stability (delivery accuracy plus temperature stability) is ±10 ppm, and ageing after 20 years is ±2 ppm. Thus the maximum overall stability of ULPPOs is ±12 ppm including the ageing after 10 years. These are industry best parameters.

No external circuit capacitance is required for the circuiting of the ultra small housing (housing area: 1.2 mm2). The input stage of the IC installed in the ULPPO independently filters the supply voltage. Compared to crystals, ULPPOs save a lot of space on the printed circuit board so that the packing density can be increased, and smaller printed circuit boards can be designed. The adjustment of the amplitude further reduces the power consumption of the ULPPO.

For space calculations, both external circuit capacitances for a crystal on the printed circuit board must also be taken into account. With its two external circuit capacitances, even the smallest 32,768 kHz crystal requires more space on the PCB than ULPPOs do.

Moreover, very small 32,768 kHz crystals have very high resistances which usually cannot be safely overcome by the oscillator stages to be synchronised because the oscillator stages of the ICs or RTCs to be synchronised have very high tolerances as well. Therefore, sudden response time problems in the field might occur which can be ruled out with ULPPOs. Thus, the safe operation of the application is possible with ULPPOs under all circumstances.

Oscillator stages consume a lot of energy to keep a 32,768 crystal oscillating. Usually, the input stage of the MCU can be directly circuited with the LVCMOS signal of the ULPPO (usually Xin). Thus the input stage of the MCU can be deactivated (bypass function) so that the energy saved can be used for the calculation of the system power consumption of the meter. Moreover, ULPPOs are able to synchronise several ICs at a time. Due to the very high accuracy of the ULPPO, less time synchronisations are required, which also saves system power.

Of course, ULPPOs can be used in any applications which require miniaturised ultra low power 32,768 kHz oscillators such as smartphones, tablets, GPS, fitness watches, health and wellness applications, wireless keyboards, timing systems, timing applications, wearables, IoT, home automation, etc. Due to the high degree of accuracy of 32,768 kHz oscillators, the standby time or even the hypernation time in hypernation technology applications can be significantly increased so that a high amount of system power can be saved due to the significantly lower battery-intensive synchronisation cycles. Thus the 32,768 kHz oscillator is the better choice compared to 32,768 kHz crystals. Ultra low power 32,768 kHz oscillators are available with diverse accuracy variations – see also the ULPO-RB1 and -RB2 series.

不斷精進自我的優(yōu)質(zhì)制造商彼得曼公司，致力于開發(fā)大量高質(zhì)量的產(chǎn)品，隨著近幾年來，現(xiàn)代計量應(yīng)用的時間要求大幅提高。現(xiàn)代計量應(yīng)用的通常要求是7年后時間偏移1小時。應(yīng)用的工作溫度范圍也應(yīng)符合該值。最多1小時。7年后對應(yīng)于32，768kHz下16ppm絕對值的頻率容差。傳統(tǒng)的32，768 kHz振蕩晶體不再可能滿足這些要求。彼得曼32.768K有源晶振的優(yōu)勢.

一方面，這是因為32，768kHz僅在+25°C時具有10ppm的頻率容差，另一方面，在-40/+85°C溫度范圍內(nèi)的溫度穩(wěn)定性高于-180ppm。此外，老化約。計算精度時，必須考慮10年后的30ppm。最差情況下，32.768K有源晶振的最大頻率穩(wěn)定性為+40/-220 ppm(包括+25°C時的調(diào)整、溫度穩(wěn)定性和10年后的老化)。外部電路電容必須能夠補償由要同步的ic振蕩器級的內(nèi)部電容和雜散電容引起的任何系統(tǒng)頻率偏移。為32，768晶振選擇無外部電路電容的布局包含很大的風險，因為在批量生產(chǎn)期間，32，768晶振的精度既不能校正也不能調(diào)整以適應(yīng)突然變化的PCB條件。最初，32，768英寸晶體的交叉角度是為手表的最佳精度而設(shè)計的，而不是為如今使用它的大多數(shù)應(yīng)用而設(shè)計的。

彼得曼貼片石英晶振專用于超聲波,公司

PETERMANN-TECHNIK是象征著質(zhì)量和可持續(xù)性。這是一家有著偉大使命的知名制造商,從打磨產(chǎn)品的每一個細節(jié)之中可體現(xiàn)，你從一個來源得到一切。從合格的設(shè)計服務(wù)到我們的內(nèi)部工程，再到具有卓越一致質(zhì)量和性能的最高質(zhì)量產(chǎn)品。

30多年來，我們在頻率控制元件和系統(tǒng)方面積累了豐富的專業(yè)知識。我們的經(jīng)驗不僅限于使用石英晶振和振蕩器開發(fā)電路。它還包括深入的工程知識，這是我們咨詢服務(wù)和頻率確定元件銷售的基礎(chǔ)。你可以相信我們的經(jīng)驗和專業(yè)知識。因為我們的目標是能夠通過及時和有能力的咨詢?yōu)槟峁┳詈玫闹С帧?/span>

代表團

彼得曼技術(shù)公司努力為每一種產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)提供最高的質(zhì)量、安全性、靈活性和客戶滿意度。作為一個充滿活力的市場環(huán)境中的創(chuàng)新者，我們致力于成為客戶可靠的戰(zhàn)略合作伙伴。憑借我們廣泛的產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)、不折不扣的質(zhì)量和卓越的性價比，我們支持他們開發(fā)具有競爭力的高效應(yīng)用。

每個開發(fā)和生產(chǎn)專家都知道！石英晶體不能處理超聲波焊接和清洗。高頻焊接或清洗過程會損壞石英晶體諧振器。

格耶品牌的低功耗溫補晶振TCXO，日益小型化的趨勢技術(shù)參數(shù)要求越來越高在TCXO領(lǐng)域引人注目。隨著5G網(wǎng)絡(luò)和汽車行業(yè)、物聯(lián)網(wǎng)行業(yè)、移動通信技術(shù)，醫(yī)療技術(shù)也要求高精度。TCXO已經(jīng)是2019年最暢銷的振蕩器類型市場預(yù)測非常好。然而，由于最近幾年的危機，一些領(lǐng)域的發(fā)展非常克制，重新確定了優(yōu)先事項。年的顯著復(fù)蘇該OSC振蕩器部分得到了制造商的支持性能卓越的組件。

在下文中，我們根據(jù)最新的技術(shù)狀態(tài)總結(jié)了振蕩器的原理構(gòu)成的進展主要與頻率穩(wěn)定性、相位噪聲和功耗有關(guān)。以下3組石英振蕩器的測量方法不同對于溫度補償：
XO，石英晶體振蕩器-一種沒有特殊措施的晶體振蕩器溫度補償。它的溫度行為與使用的晶體。

TCXO，溫度補償晶體振蕩器-一種溫度補償晶體振蕩器，其中產(chǎn)生校正電壓通過溫度相關(guān)電阻器或類似電阻器，用于頻率校正模擬TCXO可以實現(xiàn)大約20倍的改進僅在晶體上。格耶品牌的低功耗溫補晶振TCXO.

OCXO，烤箱控制晶體振蕩器-一種恒溫控制晶體振蕩器，其中晶體而其他溫度敏感部件在一個選擇溫度的腔室中，使得晶體沒有更長的時間具有任何明顯的溫度響應(yīng)。OCXO可以實現(xiàn)超過1000倍的改進石英。

IQD晶振公司推出了一系列采用流行的4焊盤SMD陶瓷封裝的晶體，IQXC-42，小體積晶振尺寸2.0x1.6mm晶振，四腳貼片晶振，無源晶振，石英晶體諧振器，工作溫度范圍為-40至125°C。頻率范圍為16.0MHz-50MHz，這些器件在-40至125°C溫度范圍內(nèi)的頻率穩(wěn)定性低至+-30ppm，ESR值比現(xiàn)有晶振范圍內(nèi)的值略低，以滿足新型微控制器的需求，例如物聯(lián)網(wǎng)應(yīng)用中的新型微控制器通常要求較低的ESR。改貼片晶振應(yīng)用于：物聯(lián)網(wǎng)(IoT和IIoT)，以太網(wǎng)，綠色和智能能源應(yīng)用(太陽能逆變器)，汽車電子，工業(yè)控制系統(tǒng)，射頻識別（Radio Frequency Identification），測試和測量系統(tǒng)，遙測系統(tǒng)，運輸系統(tǒng)，WiFi模塊。WiFi模塊專用晶振x;="" word-spacing:="" -1.5px;"="" style="word-spacing:-1.5px;color:#000000;font-family:simsun;font-size:16px">LFXTAL059596REEL

7050差分晶體振蕩器X1G005331001500專用于5G通訊設(shè)備

愛普生晶振x;word-spacing:-1.5px"="">TG5032SFN，是一款溫補晶體振蕩器，小體積尺寸5.0x3.2mm有源晶振，四腳貼片晶振，電源電壓2.375V至3.63V，頻率范圍10MHz至40MHz，工作溫度-40℃至+85℃，具有超小型，輕薄型，低電源電壓，低抖動，低功耗，低損耗，低耗能，高穩(wěn)定性、快速起振等性能，該產(chǎn)品被廣泛用于移動通訊，汽車電子，智能手機，平板電腦，智能家居，LED顯示屏等

用于LED顯示屏溫補晶體振蕩器X1G005401000600

Epson晶振推出的一款SPXO晶振系列，型號SG7050CAN是一款CMOS輸出石英晶體振蕩器、常規(guī)的7050尺寸擴展溫度有源貼片晶振，頻率范圍4MHz至72MHz，1.6V至3.63V的寬工作電源電壓和寬工作溫度范圍從-40℃到85℃，此外，最高工作溫度可達105℃。 這些SPXO提供從2.0x1.6mm到7.0x5.0mm的五種不同封裝尺寸，四腳貼片晶振，并提供標準引腳排列。具有輸出頻率穩(wěn)定和低功耗，低電源電壓，低抖動的特點，非常適用于物聯(lián)網(wǎng)、移動設(shè)備，USB、GPS系統(tǒng)、光纖通道、千兆以太網(wǎng)以及工控類IC時鐘芯片，為網(wǎng)絡(luò)設(shè)備提供穩(wěn)定的時鐘信號。

X1G004481000200有源晶振為網(wǎng)絡(luò)設(shè)備提供穩(wěn)定的時鐘信號

汽車及防盜遙控器應(yīng)用晶振SG-210STF編碼X1G004171003100

SG5032VAN差分晶振X1G004261011900為通訊模塊專用晶振

日本進口愛普生晶振TG2016SLN，是一款溫補晶體振蕩器，有源晶振，四腳貼片晶振，頻率范圍:10MHz至55.2MHz，電源電壓:1.7V至3.63V，工作溫度:-40℃至+105℃，產(chǎn)品采用無鉛材料，符合RoHS標準，對環(huán)境友好，具有支持105℃和待機功能，待機電流僅3uA，可有效降低產(chǎn)品的能量消耗。該產(chǎn)品的外部尺寸小體積晶振規(guī)格為2.0x1.6x0.7mm，便于用戶在電路板上布線，使用愛普生開發(fā)和制造的集成電路MHz基波晶體。結(jié)合微小的單密封結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)勢尺寸，低高度和壓力&模塑密封阻力，SLN系列是物聯(lián)網(wǎng)和工業(yè)應(yīng)用的理想選擇。

應(yīng)用于：全球?qū)Ш叫l(wèi)星系統(tǒng)（global navigation satellite system），無線通信設(shè)備，LPWA、LTE、WiMAX、Wi-Fi、無線局域網(wǎng) 物聯(lián)網(wǎng)等。

TG2016SLN用于無線通信設(shè)備的小尺寸溫補晶體振蕩器X1G005731060116

32.768k時鐘晶振Q13MC3062003800特別適用于鐘表電子應(yīng)用

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